# Standards and models

> Part of [LISQM](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/) (List of Implementations of Sound Quality Metrics), a list of open-source implementations of psychoacoustic metrics. Data as of 2026-10-28. Web page: https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/standards.html

All documents the list refers to, newest first. Each implementation in the list is tied to one of these editions. They are also available as BibTeX, together with the papers that describe the listed software: https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/references.bib

## Standards and regulations

| Date | Document | Title | Status | Used by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-04 | [ISO/AWI 26573](https://www.iso.org/standard/93922.html) | Acoustics — Procedures for assessment and prediction of noise-induced perceptual annoyance through laboratory-based listening tests | in development | [Psychoacoustic annoyance](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/psychoacoustic-annoyance.html) |
| 2025-06 | [ECMA-418-2:2025 (4th ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-2_4th_edition_june_2025.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 2 (methods for describing human perception based on the Sottek Hearing Model) | current | [Sottek Hearing Model loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model roughness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model fluctuation strength](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/fluctuation-strength-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model tonality](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-ecma-418-2.html) |
| 2024-12 | [ECMA-418-2:2024 (3rd ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-2_3rd_edition_december_2024.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 2 (methods for describing human perception based on the Sottek Hearing Model) | superseded | [Sottek Hearing Model loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model roughness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model tonality](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-ecma-418-2.html) |
| 2024-12 | [ECMA-418-1:2024 (3rd ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-1_3rd_edition_december_2024.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 1 (prominent discrete tones) | current | [Tone-to-noise ratio and prominence ratio](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tone-to-noise-prominence-ratio.html) |
| 2024-11 | [ISO/CD 532-3](https://www.iso.org/standard/90816.html) | Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 3: Moore-Glasberg-Schlittenlacher method (2nd edition) | in development | [Time-varying loudness (Moore–Glasberg–Schlittenlacher)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg-time-varying.html) |
| 2024-11 | [ISO/CD 532-2](https://www.iso.org/standard/90812.html) | Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method (2nd edition) | in development | [Moore–Glasberg loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg.html) |
| 2024-11 | [ISO/CD 532-1](https://www.iso.org/standard/90809.html) | Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 1: Zwicker method (2nd edition) | in development | [Zwicker loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-zwicker.html) |
| 2024-11 | [DIN 38455:2024](https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-38455/376186532) | Berechnung der Hörempfindung Rauigkeit (Calculation of the auditory sensation of roughness) | current | [Roughness (DIN 38455)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-din-38455.html) |
| 2023-07 | [ISO 532-3:2023](https://www.iso.org/standard/69856.html) | Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 3: Moore-Glasberg-Schlittenlacher method | current | [Time-varying loudness (Moore–Glasberg–Schlittenlacher)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg-time-varying.html) |
| 2023-03 | [ISO 226:2023](https://www.iso.org/standard/83117.html) | Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours | current | [Equal-loudness contours](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/equal-loudness-contours.html) |
| 2022-12 | [ISO/TS 20065:2022](https://www.iso.org/standard/81518.html) | Acoustics — Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise — Engineering method | current | [Audibility of tones in noise (ISO/TS 20065)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonal-audibility-iso-20065.html) |
| 2022-12 | [ECMA-418-2:2022 (2nd ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-2_2nd_edition_december_2022.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 2 (models based on human perception) | superseded | [Sottek Hearing Model loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model roughness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model tonality](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-ecma-418-2.html) |
| 2022-12 | [ECMA-418-1:2022 (2nd ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-1_2nd_edition_december_2022.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 1 (prominent discrete tones) | superseded | [Tone-to-noise ratio and prominence ratio](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tone-to-noise-prominence-ratio.html) |
| 2022-07 | [ISO/PAS 1996-3:2022](https://www.iso.org/standard/77035.html) | Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 3: Objective method for the measurement of prominence of impulsive sounds and for adjustment of LAeq | current | [Impulse prominence](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/impulsiveness.html) |
| 2020-12 | [ECMA-418-2:2020 (1st ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-2_1st_edition_december_2020.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 2 (models based on human perception) | superseded | [Sottek Hearing Model loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model roughness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-ecma-418-2.html), [Sottek Hearing Model tonality](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-ecma-418-2.html) |
| 2020-12 | [ECMA-418-1:2020 (1st ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-418-1_1st_edition_december_2020.pdf) | Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 1 (prominent discrete tones) | superseded | [Tone-to-noise ratio and prominence ratio](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tone-to-noise-prominence-ratio.html) |
| 2019-12 | [ECMA-74:2019 (17th ed.)](https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-74/) | Measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology and telecommunications equipment | superseded | [Sottek Hearing Model tonality](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-ecma-418-2.html), [Tone-to-noise ratio and prominence ratio](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tone-to-noise-prominence-ratio.html) |
| 2017-07 | [ISO 1996-2:2017](https://www.iso.org/standard/59766.html) | Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2: Determination of sound pressure levels | current | [Tonal audibility (ISO 1996-2)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonal-audibility-iso-1996-2.html) |
| 2017-07 | [ICAO Annex 16, Vol. I](https://store.icao.int/en/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-i-aircraft-noise) | Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation — Environmental Protection — Volume I: Aircraft Noise | current | [Perceived noise level and EPNL](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/epnl.html) |
| 2017-06 | [ISO 532-2:2017](https://www.iso.org/standard/63078.html) | Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method | current | [Moore–Glasberg loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg.html) |
| 2017-06 | [ISO 532-1:2017](https://www.iso.org/standard/63077.html) | Acoustics — Methods for calculating loudness — Part 1: Zwicker method | current | [Zwicker loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-zwicker.html) |
| 2016-07 | [ISO/PAS 20065:2016](https://www.iso.org/standard/66941.html) | Acoustics — Objective method for assessing the audibility of tones in noise — Engineering method | withdrawn | [Audibility of tones in noise (ISO/TS 20065)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonal-audibility-iso-20065.html) |
| 2012-11 | [IEC 61400-11:2012+AMD1:2018](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/63367) | Wind turbines — Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques | current | [Tonal audibility of wind turbines (IEC 61400-11)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonal-audibility-iec-61400-11.html) |
| 2010-03 | [DIN 45631/A1:2010](https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-45631-a1/122476084) | Calculation of loudness level and loudness from the sound spectrum — Zwicker method — Amendment 1: Calculation of the loudness of time-variant sound | current | [Zwicker loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-zwicker.html) |
| 2009-08 | [DIN 45692:2009](https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-45692/117635111) | Messtechnische Simulation der Hörempfindung Schärfe (Measurement technique for the simulation of the auditory sensation of sharpness) | current | [Sharpness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/sharpness.html) |
| 2007-03 | [ISO 1996-2:2007](https://www.iso.org/standard/41860.html) | Acoustics — Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise — Part 2: Determination of environmental noise levels | withdrawn | [Tonal audibility (ISO 1996-2)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonal-audibility-iso-1996-2.html) |
| 2007 | [ANSI/ASA S3.4-2007](https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/asa/ANSIASAS32007R2020) | Procedure for the Computation of Loudness of Steady Sounds | current | [Moore–Glasberg loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg.html) |
| 2005-03 | [DIN 45681:2005](https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-45681/76463232) | Akustik — Bestimmung der Tonhaltigkeit von Geräuschen und Ermittlung eines Tonzuschlages für die Beurteilung von Geräuschimmissionen | current | [Tonal components (DIN 45681)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-din-45681.html) |
| 2003-08 | [ISO 226:2003](https://www.iso.org/standard/34222.html) | Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours | withdrawn | [Equal-loudness contours](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/equal-loudness-contours.html) |
| 2002-12 | [IEC 61400-11:2002](https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/19736) | Wind turbine generator systems — Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniques | superseded | [Tonal audibility of wind turbines (IEC 61400-11)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonal-audibility-iec-61400-11.html) |
| 2002-11 | E DIN 45681:2002-11 | Akustik — Bestimmung der Tonhaltigkeit von Geräuschen und Ermittlung eines Tonzuschlages für die Beurteilung von Geräuschimmissionen (draft) | superseded | [Tonal components (DIN 45681)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-din-45681.html) |
| 2002-07 | [14 CFR Part 36](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-36) | Noise standards: aircraft type and airworthiness certification (Appendix A: EPNL) | current | [Perceived noise level and EPNL](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/epnl.html) |
| 2002-05 | [NT ACOU 112](http://www.nordtest.info/wp/2002/05/01/acoustics-prominence-of-impulsive-sounds-and-for-adjustment-of-laeq-nt-acou-112/) | Acoustics: Prominence of impulsive sounds and for adjustment of LAeq | current | [Impulse prominence](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/impulsiveness.html) |
| 1991-03 | [DIN 45631:1991](https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-45631/1666531) | Berechnung des Lautstärkepegels und der Lautheit aus dem Geräuschspektrum; Verfahren nach E. Zwicker | current | [Zwicker loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-zwicker.html) |
| 1975-07 | [ISO 532:1975](https://www.iso.org/standard/4603.html) | Acoustics — Method for calculating loudness level | withdrawn | [Zwicker loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-zwicker.html) |

## Model papers, books and theses

| Date | Document | Title | Status | Used by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-07 | [Rizzi et al. (2025)](https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C038188) | Annoyance model assessments of urban air mobility vehicle operations | published | [Aural detectability](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/aural-detectability.html) |
| 2018 | [Moore et al. (2018)](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5027246) | Testing and refining a loudness model for time-varying sounds incorporating binaural inhibition | published | [Time-varying loudness (Moore–Glasberg–Schlittenlacher)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg-time-varying.html) |
| 2017 | [Swift & Gee (2017)](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5016193) | Extending sharpness calculation for an alternative loudness metric input | published | [Sharpness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/sharpness.html) |
| 2016 | [Osses et al. (2016)](https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0000410) | Modelling the sensation of fluctuation strength | published | [Fluctuation strength (Osses et al.)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/fluctuation-strength-osses.html) |
| 2016 | [Moore et al. (2016)](https://doi.org/10.1177/2331216516682698) | A loudness model for time-varying sounds incorporating binaural inhibition | published | [Time-varying loudness (Moore–Glasberg–Schlittenlacher)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg-time-varying.html) |
| 2016 | [Di et al. (2016)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.12.006) | Improvement of Zwicker's psychoacoustic annoyance model aiming at tonal noises | published | [Psychoacoustic annoyance](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/psychoacoustic-annoyance.html) |
| 2011 | [Chen et al. (2011)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2011.08.001) | A new method of calculating auditory excitation patterns and loudness for steady sounds | published | [Moore–Glasberg loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg.html) |
| 2010 | [More (2010)](https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3453255) | Aircraft noise characteristics and metrics | published | [Psychoacoustic annoyance](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/psychoacoustic-annoyance.html) |
| 2007 | [Fastl & Zwicker (2007)](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4) | Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models (3rd edition) | published | [Sharpness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/sharpness.html), [Fluctuation strength (Osses et al.)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/fluctuation-strength-osses.html) |
| 2002 | [Glasberg & Moore (2002)](https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=11081) | A model of loudness applicable to time-varying sounds | published | [Time-varying loudness (Moore–Glasberg–Schlittenlacher)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg-time-varying.html) |
| 2002 | [Chalupper & Fastl (2002)](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/dav/aaua/2002/00000088/00000003/art00009) | Dynamic loudness model (DLM) for normal and hearing-impaired listeners | published | [Zwicker loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-zwicker.html) |
| 1999 | [Zwicker & Fastl (1999)](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09562-1) | Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models (2nd edition) | published | [Psychoacoustic annoyance](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/psychoacoustic-annoyance.html) |
| 1997 | [Moore, Glasberg & Baer (1997)](https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=10272) | A model for the prediction of thresholds, loudness, and partial loudness | published | [Moore–Glasberg loudness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/loudness-moore-glasberg.html) |
| 1997 | Daniel & Weber (1997) | Psychoacoustical roughness: implementation of an optimized model | published | [Roughness (Daniel & Weber)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-daniel-weber.html) |
| 1992 | Widmann (1992) | Ein Modell der psychoakustischen Lästigkeit von Schallen und seine Anwendung in der Praxis der Lärmbeurteilung | published | [Psychoacoustic annoyance](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/psychoacoustic-annoyance.html) |
| 1985 | Aures (1985b) | Berechnungsverfahren für den sensorischen Wohlklang beliebiger Schallsignale | published | [Sharpness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/sharpness.html), [Tonality (Aures)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-aures.html) |
| 1985 | Aures (1985a) | Ein Berechnungsverfahren der Rauhigkeit | published | [Roughness (Daniel & Weber)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/roughness-daniel-weber.html) |
| 1982 | [Terhardt et al. (1982)](https://doi.org/10.1121/1.387544) | Algorithm for extraction of pitch and pitch salience from complex tonal signals | published | [Tonality (Aures)](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/tonality-aures.html) |
| 1974 | [von Bismarck (1974)](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/dav/aaua/1974/00000030/00000003/art00006) | Sharpness as an attribute of the timbre of steady sounds | published | [Sharpness](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/sharpness.html) |
| 1974 | [Fidell et al. (1974)](https://doi.org/10.1177/001872087401600405) | Prediction of aural detectability of noise signals | published | [Aural detectability](https://zhenxianli.github.io/LISQM/metrics/aural-detectability.html) |